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(詳細はcartography of India begins with early charts for navigation〔 and constructional plans for buildings.〔Gole (1990)〕 Indian traditions influenced Tibetan〔Sircar, 329〕 and Islamic traditions,〔Pinto (2006)〕 and in turn, were influenced by the British cartographers who solidified modern concepts into India's map making.〔Fuechsel (2008)〕 A prominent foreign geographer and cartographer was Hellenistic geographer Ptolemy (90–168) who researched at the library in Alexandria to produce a detailed eight-volume record of world geography.〔 During the Middle Ages, India sees some exploration by Chinese and Muslim geographers, while European maps of India remain very sketchy. A prominent medieval cartographer was Persian geographer Abu Rayhan Biruni (973–1048) who visited India and studied the country's geography extensively. European maps become more accurate with the Age of Exploration and Portuguese India from the 16th century. The first modern maps were produced by Survey of India, established in 1767 by the British East India Company. Survey of India remains in continued existence as the official mapping authority of the Republic of India. ==Prehistory== Joseph E. Schwartzberg (2008) proposes that the Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilization (c. 2500–1900 BCE) may have known "cartographic activity" based on a number of excavated surveying instruments and measuring rods and that the use of large scale constructional plans, cosmological drawings, and cartographic material was known in India with some regularity since the Vedic period (1st millennium BCE).〔Schwartzberg, 1301–1302〕 : 'Though not numerous, a number of map-like graffiti appear among the thousands of Stone Age Indian cave paintings; and at least one complex Mesolithic diagram is believed to be a representation of the cosmos.'〔Schwartzberg, 1301〕 Susan Gole (1990) comments on the cartographic traditions in early India: 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Cartography of India」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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